空气滤清器的滤芯分为干式滤芯和湿式滤芯两种。干式滤芯材料为滤纸或无纺布。为了增加空气通过面积，滤芯大都加工出许多细小的摺皱。当滤芯轻度污损时，可以使用压缩空气吹净，当滤芯污损严重时应当及时更换新芯。
湿式滤芯（也称为油浴式空气滤）使用海棉状的聚氨脂类材料制造，装用时应滴加一些机油，用手揉匀，以便吸附空气中的异物。如果滤芯污损之后，可以用清洗油进行清洗，过分污损也应该更换新滤芯。
如果滤芯阻塞严重，将使进气阻力增加，发动机功率下降。同时由于空气阻力增加，也会增加吸进的汽油量，导致混合比过浓，从而使发动机运转状态变坏，增加燃料消耗，也容易产生积炭。平时应该养成经常检查空气滤清器滤芯的习惯。
比较常用的是干式空气滤；干式空气滤芯有内芯和外芯，内芯一般为毛毡滤芯，外芯为纸质滤芯；空气滤芯需要定期清洗和更换。
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